by DARIEN CAVANAUGH
For
decades, the United States had sought to destabilize and overthrow the
Cuban government. But the most recent attempt to antagonize the Castro
regime may have been the strangest.
The
effort involved the United States Agency for International Development
and its attempts to infiltrate the Cuban hip-hop scene. It wanted to
“break the information blockade” and inspire young people to rise up
against the Castro regime through the power of rap and dance.
The
2009 plan mixed politics and popular music, and was as much a battle of
the bands as a battle for hearts and minds. Think of it as Bay of Pigs
2: Electric Boogaloo.
The
plan failed. Worse, it disrupted the nascent Cuban hip-hop scene and
neutralized its political energy. The Castros remain in power and in
January 2015, Pres. Barack Obama began attempts to normalize relations
with Cuba.
This
diplomatic approach began just four years after America’s latest,
strangest attempt to overthrow the Castro government collapsed.
Hip-hop
arrived in Cuba in the 1980s and originally centered on break-dancing.
It gained popularity throughout the 1990s and 2000s, and turned
political as Cubans experienced the hardships of the country’s post-Cold
War economic decline.
The
Cuban government initially treated hip-hop and rap in much the same way
it dealt with other imported music. The Ministry of Culture didn’t ban
it, but it didn’t support it either.
That
changed in 2002 when the ministry created the Cuban Rap Agency. The
agency supported hip-hop on the island and promoted Cuba’s hip-hop stars
abroad.
The
government endorsed the genre, provided the performers toed the
communist party’s line. The Castro government banned outspoken critics
such as the rap group Los Aldeanos from performing publicly in Havana.
That censorship forced the group to join the Cuban hip-hop underground, despite the group’s popularity.
Adversaries
of the Castro regime saw a golden opportunity. The growing popularity
of the genre, the performers’ political emphasis and the Cuban
government’s vacillation between repressing and ignoring the groups
might serve America’s interests.
Enter
USAID. Founded in 1961 by the John F. Kennedy administration, USAID’s
mission statement “highlights two complementary and intrinsically linked
goals — ending extreme poverty and promoting the development of
resilient, democratic societies that are able to realize their
potential.”
That seems innocent enough, but critics have accused USAID of possessing direct links to the CIA, including involvement for decades in covert activities abroad.
“In
South Vietnam, the U.S. Agency for International Development [USAID]
provided cover for CIA operatives so widely that the two became almost
synonymous,” investigative journalist Jeff Stein wrote in a 2010 Washington Post column.
Many
Latin American governments and newspapers have accused USAID of
influencing elections, supporting dictators and establishing media
programs to undermine democratically elected governments.
Because
of its reputation as a front agency, USAID cannot legally operate
within some countries, including Cuba. So when the agency decided to
infiltrate the Cuban hip-hop scene in 2009, USAID took a different
route — it subcontracted the work out to another organization.
USAID
gave Creative Associates International — a development company based in
Washington, D.C. — a contract to coordinate a multimillion-dollar plan
in Cuba that involved promoting hip-hop performers and festivals.
The
company also created a “Cuban Twitter” platform called ZunZuneo and
brought young activists from other Latin American nations to Cuba to
inspire dissent.
Serbian
contractor Rajko Bozic headed the Creative Associates hip-hop program.
Inspired by the student movement’s protest concerts that helped
destabilize former Serbian Pres. Slobodan Milosevic in 2000, Bozic posed
as a promoter.
He
sought to enlist Cuban rap star and Los Aldeanos front man Aldo
Rodriguez to ignite a youth-led movement that would topple the Castros.
Rodriguez
and Los Aldeanos were perfect for the mission. The Cuban hip-hop scene
adored their music and respected their outspoken lyrics criticizing the
Castro government.
They had already been under scrutiny for the songs El Rap es Guerra [“Rap is War”] and Viva Cuba Libre [“Long Live Free Cuba.”]
“I’m tired of following their plan / Socialism or Death is not a slogan,” Los Aldeanos raps in one song. “People marching blind, you have no credibility / Go and tell the captain this ship’s sinking rapidly,” they say in another.
Bozic’s
goal was to intensify government pressure on Los Aldeanos and foment
hostility towards the government’s oppressive censorship.
But Bozic never told Los Aldeanos his aims or that he worked for USAID. According to the Associated Press, he told Rodriguez he “worked in alternative media and marketing” and offered to produce a TV series on the group as well as other young music artists.
Bozic said he would distribute the series via DVD and thumb drive to circumvent Cuban censors.
Although
the Cuban regime had banned the group from publicly performing in
Havana, Los Aldeanos put on a concert for 150 fans in Candelaria on June
5, 2009.
Bozic
and his crew filmed the show, and kept the cameras going when the
police showed up afterwards to arrest Rodriguez. But the crew ducked
away before attracting attention to themselves.
Soon
after Rodriguez’s arrest, Bozic spent two days trying to convince
Colombian rock sensation Juanes to allow Los Aldeanos to open for him at
his concert scheduled for Havana in September 2009.
While
Bozic worked with rap artists, Creative Associates pursued social
media. It brought computer equipment into the country to set up its
illegal Internet network and the ZunZuneo social media platform.
At its peak, ZunZuneo had 40,000 users according to the AP, or 68,000 users according to a post titled “Eight Facts About ZunZuneo” on USAID’s official blog.
Creative
Associates used the platform to blast out hundreds of thousands of
texts to its users asking if they thought Los Aldeanos should join
Juanes on stage in the lead up to the Havana concert. At the time, none
of the users nor Los Aldeanos knew who had sent the texts.
Juanes
declined to share the stage with the dissident hip-hop group, but did
give a “shout-out” to it after his performance and posed for photos with
the group.
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